]W_d_d] Yecf[j_j_l[ WZlWdjW][ \hec _ddelWj_l[ b_d[i Z[YWZ[i W]e ¼ ^Wi X[[d m_Z[bo Yef_[Z Xo
ki[ e\ ?J" j[Y^debe]o WZleYWj[i Wh]k[$ ej^[h YWi_de YecfWd_[i" WdZ _ji ki[ e\ ijWj_ij_Yi
7dZ" WYYehZ_d] je 9?E ?di_]^j Êi ceij h[Y[dj je Z[j[hc_d[ j^[ eZZi WdZ Yed\_]khWj_edi e\ _ji
Wddk Wb ikhl[o" 9?Ei [nf[Yj je \e Yki ceh[ ed ]Wc[i _i \kdZWc[dj Wb je j^[ ]Wc_d] _dZkijho$
ijh Wj[]o WdZ _ddel Wj_ed ¼ _d j^[ \ehc e\ d[m ½M^o j^[d Wh[ j^[o ie ik YY[ii\kb ¼ m^o Ze[i
j[Y^debe]_[i WdZ d[m mWoi je [nfbe_j _d\eh# j^[_h beo Wbjo YWhZ ^Wl[ ie ck Y^ ceh[ f[d[jh Wj_ed
cWj_ed ¼ _d j^[ o[Whi W^[WZ" Wi j^[o ij[f XWYa j^Wd [l[hoXeZo [bi[Ài5¾ >Whh_i Wiai$ ½J^[ Wdim[h
\hec el[hi[[_d] Z Wo#je#Z Wo ef[h Wj_edi" fhe Y[ii _i j^Wj j^[o i_cfbo ki[ Wd Wboj_Yi X[jj[h$ 7dZ j^[o
_cfhel[c[dj" ZWj W gk Wb_jo" fhe`[Yji" ij WdZWhZi l_[m Wd Wboj_Yi dej `kij Wi iec[j^_d] j^WjÀi Zed[
WdZ Wh Y^_j[Yjkh[ _iik[i$ I[[ ½I[jj_d] W Ijh Wj[]_Y _d ed[ fb WY[ eh Wdej^[h fbWY[ _d j^[ eh]Wd_pWj_ed"
9ekhi["¾ 9?E ?di_]^j" 7fh_b (&&-$ Xkj _jÀi a_dZ e\ Wd el[h Wbb YWfWX_b_jo$¾
>Whh W^Ài 9?E J_c Ij Wdb[o _i W YWi[ _d fe_dj$
H[Y[djbo WZZ[Z je ^_i Zkj_[i m Wi h[ifedi_X_b_jo
\eh j^[ Yecf WdoÀi ]Wc_d] ef[h Wj_edi mehbZ# CONCRETE PROOF
m_Z[$ ½J^ Wj" j^_da" fheX WXbo i[dZi W fh[jjo 7j 9[c[n" W '&'#o[ Wh#ebZ ]beXWb h[WZo#c_n Yed#
Yb[Wh c[iiW][ j^Wj j^[ Yed\bk[dY[ e\ j[Y^debe]o Yh[j[ ikffb_[h m_j^ WddkWb iWb[i lebkc[ e\ WXekj
_i W a[o _ddel Wj_ed [b[c[dj WdZ iec[j^_d] m[ -& c_bb_ed YkX_Y c[j[hi" m^Wj c Wjj[hi _i j^[ fheZ#
Yecf[j[ ed"¾ ^[ i Woi$ k YjÀi f[h_i^WX_b_jo$ J^[ Yed Yh[j[ X[]_di je WhZ[d
J^[ Yecf Wdo Ài Jej Wb H[m Wh Zi fhe]h Wc" \eh Wi ieed Wi _j Ài be WZ[Z _dje W jhk Ya \eh Z[b_l[ho je
[n Wcfb[" ki[i ic Whj Y WhZi j^ Wj fbk] _dje h[WZ[hi W Yedijhk Yj_ed i_j[" ie 9[c[n d[[Z[Z W m Wo je
_d ibej c WY^_d[i WdZ ]Wc_d] j WXb[ a_eiai WdZ WYYecceZWj[ m[Wj^[h WdZ jh W\\_Y Z[b Woi" dej je
b[j ] WcXb[hi h W Ya kf fe_dji h[Z[[c WXb[ \eh \h[[ c[dj_ed b Wij#c_dkj[ ehZ[hi \hec Xk_bZ[hi$
Zh_dai" ^ej[b heeci WdZ ej^[h h[mWhZi$ 8kj dej JWa_d] W fW][ \hec j^[ ^WdZXeeai e\ <[Z;n"
edbo Ze[i j^[ ioij[c e\\[h _dY[dj_l[i \eh if[dZ# \eeZ Z[b_l[ho i[hl_Y[i WdZ WcXkbWdY[ Z_ifWjY^[hi"
_d]" _j Wbie a[[fi Ykijec[hi i Wj_i\_[Z WdZ Yec_d] 9?E =[b WY_e ?d_]k[p b[Z Z[l[befc[dj e\ W
XWYa \eh ceh[ Xo _dj[hl[d_d] _d h[Wb j_c[ _\" i Wo" i Y^[Zkb_d] WdZ hekj_d] Wffb_YWj_ed XWi[Z ed
_j Z[j[ Yji Wd el[hbo fh[Y_f_jeki bei_d] ijh[Wa" :IE :od Wc_Y Iod Y^hed_p Wj_ed e\ Ef[h Wj_edi "
Xo Z[fbeo_d] W h[ij Wkh Wdj Yekfed j^ Wj [nf_h[i m^_ Y^ _i YecX_d[Z m_j^ W =FI ioij[c _dij Wbb[Z
m_j^_d j^[ ^ekh$ ed j^[ Yecf WdoÀi Y[c[dj#c_n[h jhk Yai$ : kXX[Z
½J^[ WYj WdZ j^[ WffheWY^ je ]Wc_d] _ji[b\ _i 9[c[nD[j" j^[ ioij[c ^Wi _dYh[Wi[Z jhkYa fhe#
Wj W fh[jjo _dj[h[ij_d] j[Y^debe]o _d\b[Yj_ed fe_dj ZkYj_l_jo Xo )+ f[hY[dj WdZ Ykj Wl[hW][ h[ifedi[
h_]^j dem"¾ Ij Wdb[o i Woi" Z[i Yh_X_d] j^[ WZl[dj e\ j_c[ \eh Y^Wd][Z ehZ[hi \hec j^h[[ ^ekhi je
i[hl[h#XWi[Z ]Wc_d] ioij[ci$ >Whh W^Ài _i hebb_d] (& c_dkj[i$ M^WjÀi ceh[" 9[c[n YWd dem Y^ Wh][
ekj d[m ^_]^#Z[\_d_j_ed jek Y^#i Yh[[d ioij[ci fh[c_kc fh_Y[i je j_c[#i[di_j_l[ Ykijec[hi"
Z[i_]d[Z je Ykijec_p[ j^[ YWi_de [nf[h_[d Y[ \eh WdZ _j _i Xk_bZ_d] Xh Wd Z beo Wbjo Wced] Yedjh W Y#
_ji ]k[iji" Wjjh WYj_d] WdZ h[j W_d_d] Ykijec[hi$ jehi m^ei[ Yeiji if_h Wb m^[d Yh[mi m W_j _Zbo
L_Z[e#XWi[Z cWY^_d[i b[j >Whh W^Ài WZ`kij \eh Z[b_l[h_[i$
j^[ Wl W_b WX_b_jo e\ ibej#c W Y^_d[ ] Wc[i X Wi[Z 9[c[nÀi WX_b_jo je ]k Wh Wdj[[ \ Wij Z[b_l[ho _i
ed lWh_WXb[i _dYbkZ_d] ZWo e\ m[[a" j_c[ e\ ZWo W ^k][ Yecf[j_j_l[ WZlWdjW][ el[h ej^[h Yec#
WdZ ]Wc[ fefkb Wh_jo$ D[m ioij[ci m_bb ieed f Wd_[i j^Wj h[gk_h[ W ^Wb\# eh \kbb#ZWo Z[b_l[ho
Wbbem i_c_b Wh f[hied Wb_p Wj_ed e\ j^[ Ykijec[h m_dZem" 7YY[djkh[Ài >Whh_i i Woi$ ½?j Wbbemi j^[c
[nf[h_[d Y[ Wj j WXb[ ] Wc[i$ ½M[Àh[ fki^_d] j^ Wj je Y^Wh][ fh[c_kc fh_Y[i \eh m^ Wj _i j^[ kbj_#
[dl[bef[ Wd Z WZl Wd Y_d] _j \eh m Wh Z Wi \Wij Wi m[ c Wj[ YecceZ_jo fheZk Yj$ ?jÀi Wh Z je Wl[ ceh[
YWd"¾ Ij Wdb[o i Woi$ e\ W YecceZ_jo j^Wd Y[c[dj$¾
>Whh W^Ài _i dej Wced] j^[ b Wij ikhl_lehi e\ J^[ Yecf Wdo ]h[m i Wb[i ceh[ j^ Wd -( f[h Y[dj
W Zo_d] Xh[[Z e\ \ehm WhZ#beea_d] [dj[hfh_i[i" b Wij o[Wh WdZ ^Wi W j^h[[#o[Wh ]hemj^ h Wj[ e\ d[Whbo
Xkj f Whj e\ W Xhe WZ Yb Wii e\ Yecf[j_jehi W Yheii )& f[h Y[dj \eh i Wb[i WdZ ceh[ j^ Wd *( f[h Y[dj \eh
l_hjkWbbo Wbb _dZkijh_[i j^Wj ij_bb m_[bZ _d\ehcW# [Whd_d]i f[h i^Wh[" WYYehZ_d] je H[kj[hi$
j_ed \eh Yecf[j_j_l[ WZl Wdj W][" WYYehZ_d] je 7j j^[ effei_j[ [dZ e\ j^[ if[Yjhkc Wh[
7YY[djkh[Ài >Whh_i$ J^[ Yecf Wdo _i jof_YWb e\ d[m[h Xki_d[ii[i ¼ j^_da =ee]b[ ?d Y$ WdZ
W ]hem_d] YWZh[ e\ eh]Wd_p Wj_edi j^Wj Yecf[j[ D[j\b_n ?d Y$ ¼ j^ Wj [cXh W Y[ ?J _ddel Wj_ed je
dej Xo Z[fbeo_d] kd_gk[ ?J ioij[ci" Xkj Xo j^[ c Wn$
ki_d] ?J h[iekh Y[i X[jj[h j^ Wd Yecf[j_jehi$ ½=ee]b[ _i Xk_bZ_d] ekj ?J _d\h Wijhk Yjkh[ Wj
½> Whh W^Ài _i W med Z[h\kb [n Wcfb[ e\ W W h Wj[ j^ Wj _i i_cfbo kdX[b_[l WXb["¾ i Woi CWhj_d
Yecf Wdo j^ Wj ed j^[ ikh\ W Y[ Z_Z W bej e\ j^_d]i H[odebZi" W l_ Y[ fh[i_Z[dj Wj =Whjd[h$ =ee]b["
[l[hoed[ [bi[ Ze[i"¾ i Woi >Whh_i$ ?ji Jej Wb m^_Y^ [lebl[Z \hec W fefkb Wh M[X i[Wh Y^
H[m WhZi beo Wbjo fhe]h Wc ¼ W Z[h_l Wj_ed e\ i_j[ _dje W c W`eh c[Z_W Yecf Wdo m_j^ W ije Ya
\h[gk[dj#\bo[h fhe]h Wci f_ed[[h[Z Xo j^[ W_h# c Wha[j l Wbk[ e\ ceh[ j^ Wd '&& X_bb_ed" if[dj
